Saturday, June 29, 2013
Blessings After Loss
So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning. (Job 42: 12)
How has the Lord blessed you after a loss?
I will be away from the Couch for a couple of days while my computer is being cleaned and while my niece is visiting. I will see you after the holiday. Happy Independence Day week!
A Geographical Perspective for the Book of Mormon ~ Building a Ship!
Dhow |
The following are quotes from Wikipedia/Dhow regarding the Dhow boats that still sail the waters of the Indian Ocean today:
The exact origins of the dhow are lost to history. Most scholars believe that it originated in China from 600 B.C."
Ship Building in Dubai, UAE |
After Lehi's party arrived in the Land of Bountiful, one would think that the grumblers would finally be content, but they were not. After many days, the Lord called Nephi to journey up into a tall mountain. There He commanded Nephi to build a ship to take his family across the ocean they called Irranteum. Nephi, of course, had logistical questions, but the Lord reassured him that He would be by his side through it all and that they would arrive safely in a land which would be choice above all other lands.
Of course, that gave the older brothers even more cause to complain. They even sought to take Nephi's life by throwing him off of a cliff, but God intervened. Nephi was saved and the rebels were chastised.
Of course, we don't know that Nephi built a boat that looked like a dhow. The Book of Mormon tells us that he did not build his ship after the manner of men. Who knows if the dhow was being built in Salalah at that time? So, conceptually, Nephi's ship may have been very different in appearance and performance upon the sea. It is just invigorating to think of the possibilities!
The important thing is that he did build it. In Bountiful, he would have had tall trees for timber, ore for tools, and coconut fiber for ropes. Lehi's family boarded the ship and they set sail upon the Indian Ocean, bound for an unknown and yet trusted destiny.
Text copyright June 2013, Gebara Education
Pictures from:
Dhow www.1uptravel.com
Ship building in Dubai www.wikipedia.com
Building a dhow today from www.byu.edu
Friday, June 28, 2013
An Archaeological Perspective ~ The Tree of Life Motif in Ancient America ~ Personal Thoughts on the Subject
Izapa Archaeological Site, Chiapas, Mexico |
In the state of Chiapas, Mexico, there is an extremely large pre-Columbian archaeological site known as Izapa. The site covers close to a mile and a half, making it one of the largest. It has 89 stelae, 61 stone altars, 3 thrones, and 68 other monuments. [1] To quote LDS scholar, Garth Norman: "There are 7 Stela arranged to represent the seven major Mesoamerican families or tribes in the area. Four are on one side and three on the other. The Book of Mormon names 7 major tribes: Nephi [with which Sam was numbered - perhaps Sam had no children], Jacob and Joseph [sons born to Lehi on the Arabian Peninsula] and Zoram on the good side and Laman, Lemuel, and Ishmael on the bad side." [2]
Wikipedia quotes: "Stela 5 is one of a number of large, carved stelae found in Izapa, along the present-day Guatemalan border. These stelae date from roughly 300 BC to 50 or 100 BC, although some argue for dates as late as 250 AD. Also known as the "Tree of Life" stone, it appears to illustrate a Mesoamerican creation myth. Based on parallels with traditions originating in the Old World, a few researchers have linked the stone to theories of Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. LDS scholar, M. Wells Jakeman, proposed that the image was a representation of a tree of life vision found in the Book of Mormon." [3]
In this drawing, you can see the symbols more clearly. It is easy to see why Jakeman and Norman see parallels to Lehi's vision in the stone. The tree is the central figure in the carving. The waves of a large river can be seen along the bottom. A large, ornate building is in the background behind the tree and dominates the upper edge of the stone. A stylized gulf is between the river and the tree, and a straight rod runs along the top of the gulf.
Most archaeological scholars (non-LDS as well as LDS) agree that the two larger-than-life figures with the elongated (perhaps masked) faces, on either side of the tree represent holy spirits, deities, or angels (hence their feet are in the air.) The one on the left appears to be talking to a man. (Could that be Nephi?*)
There is a figure of an elderly, bearded man sitting on the ground and offering a burnt sacrifice. He has on a conical headdress that scholars believe identifies him as a key figure in the carving. Behind him sits a woman with the headdress or crown of a princess (Lehi's wife was named Sariah, or Sarah, which means princess in Hebrew.) The woman is holding an ornate umbrella of sorts over the man's head. The umbrella looks like the stylized jawbone of a crocodile (Remember that the name Lehi in Hebrew means jawbone.) There are also two smaller people.
On the opposite side of the tree are three other men, one of them wearing an ornate headpiece and shielded from the sun by an umbrella. (Could this represent Laman with Lemuel and Ishmael, the rebellious members of Lehi's party? As the eldest, Laman claimed the kingship, although Lehi gave the birthright to Nephi because of his faithfulness to God.)
While there is far more research needed on the stela (and all of the artifacts in Izapa), it is easy to see why Stela 5 resonates with Latter-day Saints. [4] How is it, you ask, that a Book of Mormon theme might have appeared in southern Mexico? More on that over the next few weeks on the Couch!
* Comments in purple are my musings and are not supported by scholarly research, LDS or non-LDS.
[1] Garth Norman, www.Wikipedia.com/Izapa
[4] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has never made an official claim as to a Book of Mormon connection for Stela 5 or any archaeological findings in the Americas. Their focus for the Book of Mormon has consistently been spiritual, Another Testament of Jesus Christ.
Copyright June 2013, Gebara Education
Picture of Izapa site from www.wikipedia.com/Izapa
Picture of Stela 5 from www.wikipedia.com/Izapa/Stela5
Graphic representation of Stela 5 from multiple sources on the web
Thursday, June 27, 2013
A Spiritual Perspective of the Book of Mormon ~ The Symbols Speak
Many years ago (how time flies!) I was teaching 15 and 16 year-old Sunday School students from the Book of Mormon. When we came to this part of 1 Nephi, I divided them into teams of two; gave each team a large sheet of butcher paper and a box of markers; and asked them to draw Lehi's dream. It made for an interesting lesson because they had to look beyond the symbols to the meaning of the symbols as they drew. They loved it!
I didn't save any of the pictures, but all of them included the key symbols you see in this simple drawing above:
- The tree
- The large and spacious building
- The river
- The mists of darkness (seen as lines by the people wandering lost at the right of the picture )
- The iron rod
Nephi wanted to know what his father had seen and he wanted to know what the symbolism of the vision meant. As was his habit, he took the matter to the Lord. Nephi was blessed with a vision of those things which Lehi had seen. asked Nephi questions which guided him to an understanding of the meaning of the dream. Here are some of the answers Nephi received and recorded. I will write Nephi's words in blue so that they will be easy to distinguish from my words.
For it came to pass after I had desired to know the things that my father had seen. . . as I sat pondering in mine heart I was caught away in the Spirit of the Lord, yea, into an exceedingly high mountain. . . And the Spirit said unto me: Behold, what desirest thou? And I said: I desire to behold the things which my father saw. (1 Nephi 11: 1-2)
Nephi then saw the Messiah teaching among men and choosing twelve to follow Him. He saw the wicked men of the world fighting against Messiah and His apostles. This, the Spirit said, was the wisdom of the world in the great and spacious building. Nephi wrote: And the multitude of the earth was gathered together; and I beheld that they were in a large and spacious building, like unto the building which my father saw. And the angel [said] Behold the world and the wisdom thereof . . . I saw and bear record, that the great and spacious building was the pride of the world; and it fell, and the fall thereof was exceedingly great. And the angel [said] Thus shall the destruction of all nations, kindreds, tongues, and people, that shall fight against the apostles of the Lamb. (1 Nephi 11: 35-36)
After that, Nephi saw his own people arriving in a land of promise; prospering in the land; then falling away from the teachings of God and becoming full of pride; warring with their brethren; and being destroyed. The angel told him: And the large and spacious building . . . is the vain imaginations and the pride of the children of men. (1 Nephi 12: 18)
Nephi wrote: And the angel spake unto me, saying: Behold the fountain of filthy water which thy father saw; yea, even the river of which he spake; and the depths thereof are the depths of hell. (1 Nephi 12: 16) Nephi later taught his brothers: The water which my father saw was filthiness . . . It was an awful gulf which separated the wicked from the Tree of Life and from the Saints of God. . . It was the representation of that awful hell . . . prepared for the wicked . . . there cannot any unclean thing enter into the kingdom of God; wherefore there must needs be a place of filthiness prepared for that which is filthy. (1 Nephi 15: 23-29, 34)
And the mists of darkness are the temptations of the devil, which blindeth the eyes, and hardeneth the hearts of the children of men, and leadeth them away into broad roads, that they perish and are lost . . . And a great and a terrible gulf divideth them; yea, even the word of the justice of the Eternal God, and the Messiah who is the Lamb of God, of whom the Holy Ghost beareth record, from the beginning of the world until this time, and from this time henceforth and forever. (1 Nephi 12: 17-18)
When Nephi's brothers asked: What meaneth the rod of iron which our father saw, that led to the tree? Nephi answered: It was the word of God; and whoso would hearken unto the word of God, and would hold fast unto it, they would never perish; neither could the temptations and the fiery darts of the adversary overpower them unto blindness, to lead them away to destruction. Wherefore, I, Nephi, did exhort them to give heed unto the word of the Lord . . . to keep his commandments always in all things. (1 Nephi 15: 23-25)
I love to teach and learn with music. If you do, too, go to: http://www.lds.org/music/library/hymns/the-iron-rod?lang=eng To the right of the song, click on "Vocals and Music" for a treat.
Text in blue from the Book of Mormon
Remaining text copyright June 2013, Gebara Education
Pictures from:
Building www.zimbio.com
River www.howtodraw.com
Mist www.flickr.com
Rod and hand www.unblogmysoul.wordpress.com
Wednesday, June 26, 2013
A Spiritual Perspective for the Book of Mormon ~ The Tree of Life Dream
I have saved this story for the end of Lehi's Arabian sojourn because of it's spiritual power. It involves a dream Lehi had early in their travels. It caused him to rejoice for his wife and sons, Nephi and Sam, but to worry about his oldest boys, Laman and Lemuel. Nephi describes the dream in the following words from the Book of First Nephi in the Book of Mormon. I have edited out the phrase "and it came to pass" in order to make the reading more concise. [1]
[W]hile my father tarried in the wilderness he spake unto us, saying: Behold, I have dreamed a dream; or, in other words, I have seen a vision [2] . . . Behold, methought I saw in my dream, a dark and dreary wilderness. And . . .I saw a man, and he was dressed in a white robe; and he came and stood before me. And . . . he spake unto me, and bade me follow him. And . . . as I followed him I beheld myself that I was in a dark and dreary waste. And after I had traveled for the space of many hours in darkness, I began to pray unto the Lord that he would have mercy on me, according to the multitude of his tender mercies.. . .
After I had prayed unto the Lord I beheld a large and spacious field. . . .I beheld a tree, whose fruit was desirable to make one happy. . . I did go forth and partake of the fruit thereof; and I beheld that it was most sweet, above all that I ever before tasted. Yea, and I beheld that the fruit thereof was white, to exceed all the whiteness that I had ever seen. As I partook of the fruit thereof it filled my soul with exceedingly great joy; wherefore, I began to be desirous that my family should partake of it also; for I knew that it was desirable above all other fruit. . . .
As I cast my eyes round about, that perhaps I might discover my family also, I beheld a river of water; and it ran along, and it was near the tree of which I was partaking the fruit. And I looked to behold from whence it came; and I saw the head thereof a little way off; and at the head thereof I beheld your mother Sariah, and Sam, and Nephi; and they stood as if they knew not whither they should go. . . . I beckoned unto them; and I also did say unto them with a loud voice that they should come unto me, and partake of the fruit, which was desirable above all other fruit. And . . . they did come unto me and partake of the fruit also. . . .
I was desirous that Laman and Lemuel should come and partake of the fruit also; wherefore, I cast mine eyes towards the head of the river, that perhaps I might see them. . . . I saw them, but they would not come unto me and partake of the fruit. . . .
I beheld a rod of iron, and it extended along the bank of the river, and led to the tree by which I stood. . . . I also beheld a strait and narrow path, which came along by the rod of iron, even to the tree by which I stood; and it also led by the head of the fountain, unto a large and spacious field, as if it had been a world . . . I saw numberless concourses of people, many of whom were pressing forward, that they might obtain the path which led unto the tree by which I stood. And . . . they did come forth, and commence in the path which led to the tree.
And . . .there arose a mist of darkness; yea, even an exceedingly great mist of darkness, insomuch that they who had commenced in the path did lose their way, that they wandered off and were lost. And . . . I beheld others pressing forward, and they came forth and caught hold of the end of the rod of iron; and they did press forward through the mist of darkness, clinging to the rod of iron, even until they did come forth and partake of the fruit of the tree. And after they had partaken of the fruit of the tree they did cast their eyes about as if they were ashamed.. . .
I also cast my eyes round about, and beheld, on the other side of the river of water, a great and spacious building; and it stood as it were in the air, high above the earth. And it was filled with people, both old and young, both male and female; and their manner of dress was exceedingly fine; and they were in the attitude of mocking and pointing their fingers towards those who had come at and were partaking of the fruit. And after they had tasted of the fruit they were ashamed, because of those that were scoffing at them; and they fell away into forbidden paths and were lost.
And . . .my father . . . saw other multitudes pressing forward; and they came and caught hold of the end of the rod of iron; and they did press their way forward, continually holding fast to the rod of iron, until they came forth and fell down and partook of the fruit of the tree.
And he also saw other multitudes feeling their way towards that great and spacious building. And . . . many were drowned in the depths of the fountain; and many were lost from his view, wandering in strange roads.
And great was the multitude that did enter into that strange building. And after they did enter into that building they did point the finger of scorn at me and those that were partaking of the fruit also; but we heeded them not . . . For as many as heeded them, had fallen away. And Laman and Lemuel partook not of the fruit, said my father. (1 Nephi 8: 2, 4-35)
Tomorrow, I will talk about the meaning of the symbols in the dream. If you'd like to take the challenge, write down what you think the symbols mean, then check out 1 Nephi, chapters 11-15, for Nephi's understanding of his father's dream.
[1] "And it came to pass" is an ancient Hebraic phrase that is represented by one tiny symbol. It indicates the beginning of a new sentence in the same way a period indicates the end of a sentence. More on this and other Hebraisms later on the Couch.
[2] "Behold, I have dreamed a dream; or, in other words, I have seen a vision." This is one of many Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon. It is a common Hebrew grammatical form to state something in one way and then restate it using synonymous terms. In this example in Hebrew it literally says "I have dreamed a dream or seen a seeing." The root of the word translated as vision is seeing and it is from the same root as the word Seer or one who sees things beyond the moral world.
[2] "Behold, I have dreamed a dream; or, in other words, I have seen a vision." This is one of many Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon. It is a common Hebrew grammatical form to state something in one way and then restate it using synonymous terms. In this example in Hebrew it literally says "I have dreamed a dream or seen a seeing." The root of the word translated as vision is seeing and it is from the same root as the word Seer or one who sees things beyond the moral world.
Text from the Book of Mormon, 1 Nephi, chapter 8
Lehi and heavenly messenger from www.deseretbook.com
Tree with light fruit from www.eldertomaser.blogspot.com
River and building from www.sundayschoolapologetic.blogspot.com
Tuesday, June 25, 2013
A Geographical Perspective of the Book of Mormon ~ Oman, the Bountiful Place
Critics of the Book of Mormon have often attacked 1 Nephi 17 because of the land Nephi describes that is due east of the burial place of Ishmael. This is what he wrote:
Text copyright June 2013 Gebara Education
Picture of Oman from www.omanattractions.com
Map of Oman from www.operationworld.com
Monday, June 24, 2013
A Geographical Perspective on the Book of Mormon ~ Turning east; Ishmael Dies
Lehi's group continued to travel southeastward along the shores of the Red Sea. During this leg of the journey, Lehi's cousin, Ishmael, died. This caused huge dissension among the group. Ishmael's daughters and sons, in their grief, began to speak out against Lehi for bringing them out to suffer in the wilderness. Of course, Laman and Lemuel, ever quick to complain, joined them. They didn't believe that Jerusalem was in any danger, although Lehi and Nephi by that time knew through revelation from the LORD, that it had already fallen (587 BC, about 5 years after Lehi left Jerusalem.)
The Hiltons suggest that the possible site of Ishamel's death was the city now known as Al Qunfudhah in the southernmost part of Saudi Arabia. The picture above is of the ruins of the "old town" of Al Qunfudhah. Whether or not it is the same place Lehi visited is only conjecture.
The other possible site of Ishmael's death is just across the border in present-day Yemen: Nihm. Nephi wrote that Ishmael was buried in a place called Nahom. It is the only site along the trail that was not renamed by Lehi, but called by it's existing name. Nihm and Nahom in pronunciation are similar enough to suspect that they may have been the same place
Immediately following Ishmael's death, Lehi turned due eastward following the guidance from the Liahona. This abrupt change of direction could have occurred from either Al Qunfudhah or Nihm because those sites are close to one another. This led them to their final destination on the Arabian Peninsula: the area now known as Salalah, in the Nation of Oman.
Text copyright June 2013 Gebara Education
Picture of the old city from www.saudiarabian.tv
Picture of the map of Al Qunfudhah from www.wikimedia.com
Picture of the map of Nihm from www.ideumea.org
Picture of Lehi's possible trail from www.alexbarclay.talktalk.net
Sunday, June 23, 2013
Jiddah and Pruning
Ruins at Jiddah, Saudi Arabia |
I have had Jiddah days in my life and like Lehi's eldest boys, I have sometimes murmured. The twenty years following Carmon's death were Jiddah years. The first few months following the death of Rich and my dad were also Jiddah years. But even though I grumbled on occasion, I never sought evil against anyone. And I never gave up the faith. I often felt like Job in my trials (and Job did mourn) but like Job I hung in there. And like Job, I have been doubly blessed.
One day, about a year after Carm's death, I was pruning my fruit trees. I found myself apologizing to the trees for ignoring them last year. It was then that the Spirit spoke and said: "Last year, I was pruning you." I try to remember that.
We all need our Jiddah's - our pruning times. The trick is to stay patient, even in the pain.
Text copyright June 2013 Gebara Education
Picture of tree being pruned from www.heraldextra.com
Saturday, June 22, 2013
A Cultural Prespective for the Book of Mormon ~ Weapons
Lehi's family would have taken weapons with them on their journey to help them slay wild game in the wilderness. Three specific weapons are mentioned by Nephi:
Slings have been used as weapons only slightly later than rocks. It was with a sling that David slew Goliath, a bear, and a lion. Those who grew up using slings would be very accurate and very deadly in killing game. Because they lived a nomadic life during at least part of their journey, Lehi's family didn't always have the luxury of planting and sowing grain and other foodstuffs (although they did take seeds and did camp in at least three places long enough to have sown and harvested a crop.) Their ability to find animals for food, skins, etc., would have been of utmost importance. (1 Nephi 16)
Wooden bows and arrows were also taken on the journey. The bows would have been of a fairly simple design. However, bows made of wood can lose their spring. If an area is more humid than the area where the bow was made, it can become too resilient to string properly. If the area is less humid, the wood can become brittle and break when being strung. This did happen to Lehi's family group. It was a huge problem because of the scarcity of wood in the area in which they traveled. Nephi was finally able to make a new bow, but not without a great deal of difficulty. (1 Nephi 16)
Composite bows were in use in Egypt by the time of the Hyksos who ruled Egypt during the days of Jacob and Joseph. (Such a bow was found in King Tut's tomb!) These bows had wooden cores, but the wood was reinforced and stabilized by things such as horn, bone, sinew, and metal. Nephi had one such bow, which he called his "steel-backed bow." They may have acquired it in Aqaba which had smelters for iron and bronze and was at the crossroads of the Egyptian trade routes to the east. [1]
To quote two articles on the history of bow-making:
By the time the regions of upper and lower Egypt were united by Menes . . ., Egyptians were very skilled at using bows to great advantage. Egypt, however, has a very limited supply of wood, which made archery a costly and spotty addition to its military arsenal. The introduction of a composite-style bow, however, changes that. [2]
The basic wooden bow style became stronger and more flexible around 2800 BC when the Egyptians developed the composite bow. The addition of materials such as horn, bone, sinew, and metal created bows which shot arrows with greater velocity, distance, and accuracy. The development of the composite bow may also have led to the development of the recurve style of bow. The ends of this bow bend back in the direction of the arrow rather than following the draw of the bow towards the archer's body. The recurve design provides additional power. [3]
When the other bows broke, Nephi's bow was the only thing upon which Lehi's family could rely. However, with a wooden core, Nephi's bow eventually broke and there was tragedy in the camp. (1 Nephi 16) According to the Hiltons, this may have taken place near the current site of Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. It is in this area that watering holes could be as far apart as 66 miles or several days' journey. There are two areas in Saudi Arabia where this occurs and it seems to coincide with two times recorded in the Book of Mormon where the party of Lehi had particular struggles finding food. Water and wood was so scarce that when they were able to kill game, they ate the meat raw. [4]
[1] There are three references in the Old Testament of steel bows - Job, Psalms, 1 Samuel. The word steel from the KJV has been replaced by the word bronze in the newer translations such as the NIV. This is probably a more accurate translation of the Hebrew. The words steel bow can refer to the strength of the bow, i.e., that it has been steeled and strengthened by the addition of metal over word as had been done in Egypt for centuries. I would not be surprised if what Nephi owned was a composite Egyptian bow, probably acquired in Aqaba, that was overlaid with bronze and other materials to make it stronger.
Here is a quote regarding the use of steel for bronze:
The phrase “bow of steel” occurs three
times in the KJV: 2 Sam 22.35, Job 20.24, and Ps 18.34. In all cases it
translates the Hebrew phrase qeshet nechushah,
which modern translations consistently, and correctly, translate as “bronze.” (William Hamlin, Meridian Magazine)
A
number of medieval rabbis (Rashi, Kimchi, Ralbag) understood nechushah as a metaphor for
strength: i.e., a strong bow and hard to pull. http://bycommonconsent.com/2006/02/20/on-nephis-steel-bow/
[3] According to the Hiltons, raw meat is still served in Egypt and the middle east. It is cut small and mixed with things like salt and garlic, then dried in the sun. It differs from jerky in that it is brown on the outside but red and moist on the inside. The Hiltons said it was very tasty. I'll take their word for it! Nephi said that although they had to eat the meat raw, they were still strong and healthy and their wives (who were having babies during those years) did have an ample milk supply and thus the children were strong. (1 Nephi 17:2)
Text copyright June 2013, Gebara Education
Picture of sling from www.cart.occpaleo.com
Picture of wooden bow from www.jp;uwars201.wordpress.com
Picture of composite bow from www.centenaryarchers.gil.co
Picture of Nephi's bow breaking from www.lds.org
Friday, June 21, 2013
A Cultural Perspective for the Book of Mormon ~ The Liahona
Soon, it was time to move on, but move on in what direction and to where? That was the great unknown. The group had already traveled beyond any areas Lehi might have know from experience. They had to travel a route where they could find water, but the ancient Frankincense Trail was anywhere from 12 to 48 miles wide. It would have been easy to get lost.
They called the ball the Liahona. LDS scholar, Dr. Hugh Nibley, offered these insights into the meaning of the word:
“Many people have dealt with the word Liahona. We had a teacher from Hebrew University here for a few years…. His name was Shunary. He never joined the [LDS] Church, but the first thing that fascinated him was this name Liahona. He traced it back to the queen bee, the leader of bees swarming in the desert. When bees swarm, that's Liahona. I took it from a different one. Yah is, of course, God Jehovah [the yah sound in God's name, Yahweh]. Liyah means the possessive [as in God owns]; [the sound hona means guidance] "To God is the guidance," - Liyahhona. That's just a guess; don't put it down. But it's a pretty good guess anyway". (Hugh Nibley, Teaching of the Book of Mormon, First Semester pg. 116, BYU)
Scholar and author, Jonathan Curci, writes: I show it [the word: liahona] to mean quite literally "to Yahweh is the whither" or, by interpretation, "direction of-to the Lord." [1]
Whether it refers to God's guidance or the inexplicable guidance given to a swarm of honeybees, the Liahona served to keep Lehi's family on the geographical and spiritual paths that would lead them to their new and promised home.
[1] For an in-depth look at the etymology of the word, liahona, go to the article Liahona: "The Direction of the Lord": An Etymological Explanation by Jonathan Curci. Published by the Maxell Insitute, BYU, Provo, UT http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=16&num=2&id=446
Text copyright June 2013, Gebara Education
Picture of Lehi finding the Liahona from www.lds.org
Picture of an artist's rendition of the Liahona from www.barriomiramar.blogia.com
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